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STRUCTURE OF FORMAL EDUCATION - FRANCE
Psychology is taught in 30 universities (out of 80).
Entry requirements. In France, university entry is, in
principle and in fact, guaranteed to everyone with a French
high school degree (baccalauréat) or its equivalent. In
spite of the fact that a few years ago, 'professional
baccalauréat' were created, which prepared for specific
professions, rather than university study, even holders of the
professional baccalauréat' may enter any university
discipline, including psychology. Local universities cannot
adopt a numerus clausus. They can only refuse students who do
not live in the 'academy' (an administrative structure
corresponding to the 22 French regions). So the number of
students in psychology in France is very large (about
60,000).
The degree structure. All French diplomas are 'national'
i.e. 1. They correspond to a structure determined by the
Ministry of Education (usually after negotiations with the
Association of University Teachers in Psychology (AEPU). 2.
Permission is granted for a university by the Ministry, after a
proposal of the university based on a record (cursus proposed,
professors who will teach ...). 3. They are considered as
equivalent to the same value and level in all the universities.
In fact, the same national diploma may involve important
differences in content in the three main applied areas: work
& organisational, clinical and educational psychology.
The usual organisation in university studies for most of the
disciplines (and for psychology) is the following:
The first two years lead to the 'Diplome d'Etudes
Universitaires Générales' (DEUG : General
University Studies Diploma). The DEUG must be
multidisciplinary. Usually, psychology is associated with
sociology, philosophy or linguistics, sometimes with other
disciplines. Students have to choose a 'major' branch. The
diploma given is a DEUG of psychology (or other
discipline).
The third level : 'licence' is specifically in psychology
and draws on all aspects of psychology.
The fourth level 'maitrise' is the beginning of
specialisation in one area of psychology and the first
introduction to research. After the 'maitrise', students have
to choose between the professional education (DESS) or the
research degree (DEA and thesis or PhD). Most students try to
enter the DESS, but there is a very important numerus clausus :
every DESS education programme accepted by the Ministry of
Education is limited to a certain number of students (usually
15 to 60).
In spite of the fact that the first 4 levels are now
organised in semesters, the old French tradition of the year
organisation is still important (Enrolment is only in the first
semester : October).
ECTS: see the example of the university Paris V
Examinations are taken after every module usually in written
form. Essays and written reports are also used. Students also
carry out supervised empirical research work, one in the fourth
year (maitrise), one in the fifth year (DEA and sometimes DESS)
and sometimes one in the third year (license). Students are
also required to write a written report about the practical
period which is evaluated by the supervisor.
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